Conjunctions with examples and exercises

 Conjunction 

A Conjunction is a word which is used to join words or sentences together ;as,

1. Two and two make four.
2. Come and sit by me.
3. He tried hard, but failed.
4. Work or go away.

The words 'and' , 'but' , 'or' which are used to join one sentences to another are called Coordinating Conjunctions .

More Examples of Conjunctions

1. As he was not at home , I spoke to his father .
2. Since you say so, I must believe it.
3. You cannot succeed because you do not work .
4. Take a cup of milk before you go to bed .
5. When I saw the snake I ran away .
6. If you work , you will pass.
7. Wait here till I return.
8. Ask him whether he wishes to go out or not.
9. Don't answer unless you know.
10. They are poor yet(still) cheerful .
11. You are taller than I (am).

Learn: Such Conjunctions that join together two sentences of unequal rank or order are called Subordinating Conjunctions.

Conjunctions Used in Pairs
1. Either he or his friend has done it.
2. Neither she nor her sister stood first .
3. He is either a fool or a rogue.
4. We neither borrow nor lend money.
5. We both love and honor him.
6. Ramu is both intelligent and diligent.
7. Although he is rich yet he is not happy.
8. The poor man is not only blind but also deaf.
9. Vijay not only passed but also won a scholarship.
10. No sooner did the bell ring than the boys came out of their classes.
11. The old man is so weak that he cannot walk.
12. Hardly had we reached the railway station when the train left.
13. As you sow so shall you reap.
14. It matters little whether we win or lose .
15. I like such boys as are honest .

Combination Of Sentences 

Combined sentences Exercise  with Solution:

1. We bought a horse. We bought a cow.
1. We bought a horse and a cow.

2. Neelam can read English. Neelam can write English .
2. Neelam can read and write English.

3. Harish failed. Ramesh passed.
3. Harish failed but Ramesh passed.

4. I called on you .You were not at home .
4. I called on you but you were not at home.

5. Work hard . You will fail.
5. Work hard or (otherwise) you will fail.

6. Work hard. You will fail in the examination.
6. Unless you work hard , you will fail in the examination ..

7. You are very late. You must hurry.
7. You are very late , so you must hurry.
   As you are very late , you must hurry.
   You must hurry because you are very late.

8. He is very old .He enjoys good health .
8. He enjoys good health although he is very old.

9. His father is poor. People respect him.
9. His father is poor , still (yet) people respect him.

10. He has great wealth . He is unhappy.
10. Although he has great wealth , he is unhappy.
    Though he has great wealth , he is unhappy.

Exercise 1 :
Join each pair of sentences by using 'and' , 'but' , 'or' .

1. Sunil has come . Subash has gone .
2. Do your work . I shall punish you.
3. She is a kind mother .She is a loving mother.
4. We ran fast . We missed the first bus .
5. She must weep . She will die.
6. God made the country .Man made the town.

Exercise 2 : 
Join the pair of sentences by using 'or , else, otherwise, unless'.

1. He must work hard . His teacher will punish him.
2. You must be quiet . You must leave the room.
3. Tell the truth . You will be punished .
4. You must take exercise daily . You will not keep fit.
5. You must work . You will not stand first .
6. She must walk quickly . She will miss the train .

Exercise 3 :
Join the pair of sentences by using 'so, therefore, because, since'.

1. It is raining heavily . We cannot go to school .
2. Hari Singh failed in the examination. He did not work hard.
3. The little boy is crying . He has lost a two rupee note.
4. Leela is liked by all. She is sweet tempered .
5. Ashoka was a good king. All his people liked him .
6. Subash was not there. I spoke to his brother .

Exercise 4 :
Join the pair of sentences by using 'though, although , yet, still.'

1. She is an honest woman . She is very poor .
2. The rich man is not happy. He has a lot of wealth .
3. My father is poor. The neighbours respect him.
4. Rajni was weak in all the subjects . She passed the examination .
5. The  boy did not succeed. He studied hard.
6. They are poor. They are contented.

Kinds of Pronouns

Kinds Of Pronouns 

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun ; as,


Somu is the son of a doctor. He is a good student . He goes to school daily . All the teachers like him. 

1. Personal Pronouns 

1. The Pronouns which stand for the person or persons speaking are called Pronouns of the First Person ; as,

I, we, me, us , mine , ours .

2. The Pronouns which stand for the person or persons spoken to  are called Pronouns of the Second Person ;as,

thou, thee, you , yours .

3. The Pronouns which  stand for the person or thing spoken of are called Pronouns of the Third Person ;as,

he , she ,it, they , him , her, them ,his ,its , theirs .

2. Reflexive and  Emphasizing Pronouns 

Read the following sentences:

1. I hurt myself .
2. We enjoyed ourselves.
3. You blame yourselves for it.

The Pronouns 'myself', 'ourselves', 'yourselves' refer to the subjects of the verbs . Such Pronouns are called Reflexive Pronouns .

Now study the following sentences:

1. I myself did it.
2. He himself went there.
3. The horses itself fell.

The Pronouns 'myself', 'himself', 'itself' are used with a Noun or Pronoun for the sake of emphasis . Such Pronouns are called Emphasizing Pronouns .

Note: Reflexive Pronouns are formed by adding is 'self' or 'selves'.

Exercise 1 :

Fill in the blanks with suitable Reflexive or Emphasizing Pronouns :

1. I ..... did this.
2. He ..... is to blame .
3. You ..... ruined your family.
4. I .....shall speak to him.
5. The child hurt....
6. The theif .....confessed his guilt.
7. Neelam hid ...behind a curtain.
8. Teja ruined ...by gambling.
9. We enjoyed .....there.
10. They .....heard him saying so.

3. Demonstrative Pronoun

Read the following sentences:

This is a chair.
That is a table .
These are chairs .
Those are tables.

The Pronouns 'this , that,  these, those ' point out certain objects .Such Pronouns are called Demonstrative Pronouns .
Now study these sentences :

Demonstrative Pronouns              Demonstrative Adjective 

1. This is my book .         This book is mine .
2. That is our house. That house is ours.
3. These are brave men.         These men are brave .
4. Those are lovely flowers. Those flowers are lovely.

It is clear from the above sentences that Demonstrative Pronouns are not followed by a noun whereas Demonstrative Adjective are placed before Nouns.

Exercise 2 :

Fill in the blanks with Demonstrative Pronouns :

1. .....is a wrong sentence.
2. .....are sweet mangoes .
3. ......is a costly.
4. ......are your ribbons .
5. .....are green trees.

4. Indefinite Pronouns 

Study the following sentences:
1. All men are moral.
2. Some are born great.
3. Many were killed in accident .
4. Few escaped unhurt.
5. Somebody has stolen my watch.

The Pronouns 'all, some , many , few, one ' refer to persons or things in a general way . Such Pronouns are called Indefinite Pronouns.

Learn (Indefinite Pronouns ) any, anyone, everybody , something , none , nobody.

5. Distributive Pronouns 

Study the following sentences:

1. Each of the girls received a watch.
2. Either of you can leave .
3. Neither of these pens is mine .

The Pronouns 'each, either , neither' refer to persons or things ,one at a time. Such Pronouns are called Distributive Pronouns .

Note : Distributive Pronouns are always singular and are followed by a verb in the singular.

6. Interrogative Pronoun 

Read the following sentences:

1. Who goes there?
2. Whose pen is this ?
3. Whom do you want to see?
4. What do you ask?
5. Which is your house?

In the above sentences 'who, whose, whom , what , which ' are used for asking questions . They are called Interrogative Pronouns .

Remember:
1) 'Who' , 'Whose' , 'Whom' are used for asking questions about persons .
2) 'What' is used for asking questions about things.
3) 'Which' is used for asking questions about particular person or thing.

Examine the following sentences:

Interrogative Pronouns           Interrogative Adjectives
1. Whose is this book? Whose book is this?
2. Which is your watch ?   Which watch is yours?
3. What is the question that What question do you ask ?
   you ask?

It is clear from the above sentences that Pronouns can also be used as Adjectives when they are placed before nouns .

Exercise 3:

Fill in the blanks with Interrogative Pronouns :

1. ......are you doing here?
2. .....do you want?
3. Of these pens .....do you like?
4. .....came here to see you ?
5. .....brings you here today?
6. .....do you wish to see?
7. ......wrote this book?
8. .....is better, health or wealth?
9. ..... do two and two make?
10. ....did you invite to dinner?
11. ....of these boys stood first?
12. .....were you speaking to?
13. .....did you give my message?
14. ....do you consider in the wrong?
15. ....of these scooters is yours?

7. Relative Pronoun 

Read the following sentences :

1. I have lost the watch. I brought the watch yesterday.
2. I met Raju. Raju had won a scholarship  .
3. I have a cow. The cow is white.

Each of the above pairs of sentences can be combined 'watch' therefore, it is a Pronoun . Moreover 'which' joins two sentences .
Thus it does the function of a conjunction .

In sentences 3, 'that' does the work of a Pronoun and a Conjunction 'which' , 'who' , 'that' are called Relative Pronouns .

Learns : A Relative Pronoun does the work of a Pronoun and a Conjunction .

The nouns to which a Relative Pronoun refers or relates is called its Antecedent . In sentence 1, the antecedent of which is 'watch' .In sentence 3 , the antecedent of that is 'cow'.
Remember : A Relative Pronoun always agrees with its antecedent in Number, Gender and Person .

Exercise 4 :

Pick out the Relative Pronouns in the following sentences and tell their antecedents:

1. I have seen the boy who was hurt.
2. Our team will play the match which is to begin tomorrow.
3. He has sold the house which he brought .
4. Here is the pen that my uncle gave me .
5. It is an ill-wind that blows no body any good.
6. This is the house that my father built .
7. This is the girl whose mother died.
8. Ashoka was the wisest king that ever lived .
9. This is the man whom we saw this morning.
10. All that glitters is not gold.

Exercise 5 :

Fill in the blanks with suitable Relative Pronouns:

1. I know ......you mean.
2. This is the boy .....stole my book.
3. She has said ......she wanted to say.
4. He has a friend ......helps him.
5. I do not like the boys .....have dirty habits .
6. There was none .....I could trust .
7. This is the pen .....I like .
8. He .....speaks in my favor is my friend.
9. There are the books ......I brought yesterday .
10. It is only camels ......can cross the deserts.

Exercise 6 :

Join together each of the following pairs of sentences by means of a Relative Pronoun :

1. This is the girl. Her mother is a doctor.
2. Here is the watch . I told you  about it.
3. I met a boy. He was running fast.
4. This is the pen . I lost it yesterday.
5. I have a pet dog. He is faithful to me.
6. I saw a juggler. He was showing tricks.
7. It was Nutan . She helped me .
8. This is the house . Jack build it.
9. This is the road . It leads to the railway station .
10. Bring me the books, The books are on the table.

Preposition

The Preposition 

A Preposition is a word which is placed before a Noun or a Pronoun to show its relation to some other words in a sentences ;as,

1. The glass is full of milk.
2. I depend on you for help.
3. Please be kind to him.

Words followed by Prepositions

1. Sudhir is absent from school today
2.  He acted upon my advice.
3. The boy is afraid of  his teachers .
4. I do not agree to it.
5. The hunter aimed at the dove .
6. He is angry with his brother.
7. We arrived at the railway station.
8. I asked for leave .
9. Attend to me , please .
10. This book belongs to me.
11. She is blind of one eye.
12. Rajiv is born of rich parents .
13. They are busy with their parents.
14. Take care of your health .
15. He does not care of your health.
16. I congratulate you on your success.
17. This book consists of 100 pages.
18. The farmer is cruel to his wife .
19. The teacher has no control over the class.
20. Everybody desires for wealth .
21. Neelam has taste for music .
22. Sarvesh comes of a noble family.
23. The meeting will come off tomorrow.
24. I called on you yesterday .
25. I called at his house last night.
26. She complains of pain in her arm.
27. John died of fever .
28. I differ with you.
29. My father deals in tea.
30. Cows feed on grass.
31. Priya invited her friends to dinner.
32. I enquired after her health .
33. Do not laugh at the poor.
34. You should pray to God daily.
35. She is suffering from fever.
36. This chair is different from that.
37. Surjeet is fond of mangoes .
38. I am pleased with you .
39. Please open your book at page 40.
40. Come and sit by me.
41. The box is made of wood  .
42. The man jumped into the well.
43. Ahmed is sure of his success.
44. He is hard of hearing .
45. The house was on fire .
46. A pen is to write with.
47. Always work with a will.
48. Trust in God and do the right .
49. Let us go on foot.
50. I am sorry for the delay.

Exercise 1 :

Fill in the blanks with suitable Prepositions :

1. We listened .....the teacher.
2. I called .....her this morning .
3. They congratulated me ......my success.
4. Ram was married .....Sita.
5. Radha is suffering .....fever.
6. Sonu is born .....rich parents.
7. The dog is faithful ....man.
8. She is proud .....her beauty .
9. God is kind .....all.
10. We are not afraid .....death.

Kinds of Adverbs

Kinds of Adverbs

An Adverb is a word which adds to the meaning of a verb, an Adjective or another Adverb ; as,
1. She treats me well.
2. He is quiet well .
3. The girls work very hard.

Kinds of Adverb

1. Adverbs of Time 

Read the following sentences:
1. He comes here daily.
2. I brought this pen yesterday.
3. My parents get up early .

The Adverbs 'daily' , 'yesterday', and 'early' show when action is done .Such Adverbs are called Adverbs of Time .

Learn (Adverbs of Time ) : Today , tomorrow , late , early , soon , before , ago , already , immediately.

Adverbs of Time answer the question - 'When' ?

2. Adverbs of Manner 

Read the following sentences:
1. The old woman walks slowly.
2. Rita talks wisely.
3. Our team plays well.

The Adverb 'slowly' , 'wisely', 'well' , show how an action is done .Such Adverb are called Adverb of Manner.
Adverb of Manner answer the question - 'How ' ?

Note  : Adverbs which end in 'ly' and are derived from adjectives are Adverbs of Manner.

3. Adverb of Place 

Read the following sentences:

1. Boys , sit here.
2. God is everywhere .
3. The bird flew away.

The Adverb 'here', 'everywhere' , 'away' show where an action is done . Such Adverbs are called Adverbs of Place.
Adverb of Place answer the question -'Where'?

Learn (Adverb of Place ): here , there , in , out , inside, outside, below, above ,far , near, forward , backward , up, down, anywhere, elsewhere ,etc.

4. Adverb of Number 

Read the following sentences :

1. I have been to Bankok twice.
2. Good boys and girls never tell a lie.
3. We often go to the lake.

The Adverb 'twice' , 'never' , 'often' , show how often an action is done. Such adverbs are called Adverb of Number.
Adverbs of number answer the question - 'How often '?

Learn ( Adverb of Number ): Once , twice, always , never , seldom.

5. Adverb of Degree

Read the following sentences :

1. Dara Singh is very strong.
2. My watch is quite right.
3. He treats her most cruelly.

The Adverbs 'very' , 'quite', 'most' , show how much or to what extent a thing is done .Such Adverbs are called Adverbs of Degree.
Adverbs of Degree answer the question - 'How much ' or ' How far'? or 'To what extent'?

Learn ( Adverb of Degree) : Nearly, almost, rather, too, fully, partly, enough , hardly, wholly, etc.

6. Interrogative Adverbs 

Read the following sentences:

1. How do you do?
2. When were you born?
3. Why are you late ?

The Adverbs 'How' , 'When' , 'Why' are used for asking questions. Such Adverbs are called Interrogative Adverbs .

Exercise 1 :
Pick out the Adverbs in the following sentences and state the kind of each Adverb :

1. Our soldiers fought bravely.
2. They looked for her everywhere .
3. The school will open tomorrow.
4. I came often to this place .
5. He was partly pleased .
6. The sun is extremely hot.
7. How are you today?
8. He loves you truly.
9. It is too hot to go out.
10. He frequently  comes to see me.

Exercise 2 :
Fill in the blanks with suitable Adverbs:

1. The child slept....
2. The dog barked...
3. He comes ....
4. I shall return ....
5. The water was....cold.
6. Come ...and sit.....
7. ....did he die?
8. .....do you beat him?
9. I visited him....
10. The train stops....

Exercise 3:
Match the opposite of the Adverb in Column A and Column B .

Column A              Column B
1. carefully badly
2. follishly noisely
3. kindly         cruelly
4. quickly        wisely
5. sadly        carelessly
6. well        joyfully

Formation of Adverbs 

Most Adverbs are formed from Adjectives by adding 'ly'; as,
1. beautiful beautifully
2. bright brightly
3. bad badly
4. neat neatly

Exercise 4 :

Make the Adverb from the following Adjectives :

1. easy
2. quick
3. sudden
4. strong
5. blind
6. warm
7. happy
8. strange
9. glad
10. lucky
11. faithful
12. usual
13. lazy
14. quiet
15. certain
16. silent

Kinds of Adjectives

Kinds Of Adjectives

An Adjective is a word which adds something to the meaning of a noun.

1. Tohin is an intelligent boy.
2. Chandigarh is a beautiful city.
3. Always drink fresh water.
4. America is a rich country.

1. Adjective of Quality

Read the following sentences:

1. The black cat caught a rat.
2. Subhash is a rich man.

The words 'black' and 'rich' are Adjectives , because they add to the meaning of nouns 'cat' and 'man' . They show the quality or kind of the nouns which they qualify.
They are Adjectives of Quality .

Adjectives of Quality answer the question ' Of what kind ' ?

2. Adjective of Quantity 

Read the following sentences:
1. Rajni brought some rice.
2. He has much money.
3. The child ate the whole cake.

The Adjective 'some', 'much', and 'whole', show how much of a thing is meant. Such Adjectives are called Adjectives of Quantity. Adjective of Quantity answer the questions 'How Much'?

3. Adjectives of Number

Read the following sentences :

1. Many boys are present today.

2. Some girls came late.

3. I have four apples .

4. The first boy in the second row is my brother..

The Adjectives 'some' , 'many' , 'four' , 'first' ,'second' show how many persons or thing there are, or in what order it stands .Such Adjectives are called Adjective of Number.
Adjectives are called Adjectives of Number .

Adjectives of Number answer the question- 'How many' ? or 'In what order'?

4. Distributive Adjective

Read the following sentences :

1. Each beggar was given alms.
2. Every man must do his duty.
3. Either man can win the match .
4. Neither came to my help.

The Adjective 'Each' , 'Every' ,'Either' and 'Neither' show that persons or things are taken singly or separately.
These are called Distributive Adjectives.

5. Demonstrative Adjectives 

Read the following sentences:

1. This boy is my son.
2. That girl is my daughter.
3. These pens are mine.
4. Those pencils are yours.
5. I love such boys.

The Adjective 'This' , 'That','These' ,'Those' ,'Such' are Demonstrative Adjectives. They point out which persons or things are meant . Demonstrative Adjective answer the question-'Which'?
The word 'Demonstrative' means 'Pointing Out'.

6. Interrogative Adjectives

Read the following sentences:

1. Which pen will you take?
2. What building is that?
3. Whose watch is this?

The words 'Which' , 'What' and 'Whose' are used with nouns to ask questions. Such Adjective are called Interrogative Adjectives.

Note: Possessive Adjective show possession or relationship. They answer the question 'Whose' ? e.g.

1. This is my watch .
2. My uncle is a banker.

Exercise 1 :

Pick out the Adjectives in the following sentences and state the kind of each of them:

1. Madras is a big city.
2. Priya is an intelligent girl.
3. My uncle gave me a ten rupee note.
4. Read the third chapter of the book.
5. All men are mortal.
6. Is there no milk in the jug?
7. We have enough wealth .
8. These are sweet oranges.
9. Ten boys and girls went to the lake.
10. I like the Japanese dress.
11. We lead a happy life.
12. Which road leads to the Birla Mandir?
13. Whose umbrella is this?
14. Neither boy will pass this year.
15. A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend.

Exercise 2 :

Supply suitable Adjectives in the blank spaces:

1. This book contains .....stories.
2. There arose a .....storm.
3. He did not eat .....rice.
4. Is there .....tea in the teapot ?
5. My father bought ......chairs.
6. .....building has ..... storeys.
7. Mini is a ....girl.
8. .....dress is better than ....dress.
9. Solomon was a very .....man.
10. There is....hope of .....recovery.
11. .....game do you play?
12. .....man must do....duty.
13. Are .....shoes yours?
14. Sugar is sweet but quinine is.....
15. .....house is this?

Exercise 3 :

Put each Adjective in Column A before the Noun which suits it best Column B:

Column A                 Column B

1. bright               1. dog
2. deep                 2. grass
3. faithful             3. times
4. golden             4. voice
5. green               5. man
6. many               6. well
7. much               7. cloth
8. superior           8. money
9. sweet               9. day
10. wise              10. ring